The expression of depressive symptoms in Iranian male and female students was different. In general, the findings supported the validity and reliability of the BDI-II in an Iranian student sample. Also, students represented various patterns of symptoms. The difference between boys and girls was not significant but undergraduate students had significantly higher scores than graduate students in BDI-II. The data were also analyzed for sex differences in the factor structure. In particular, the deep learning method in which brain waves are used.
Factor analysis produced a two-factor solution including cognitive-affective and somatic dimensions for the total sample. There is ongoing research on using electroencephalography (EEG) to predict depression. The concurrent validity of the BDI-II was supported by positive correlations with different measures (GHQ-28, DASS-21). The results showed that internal consistency was high (Cronbach's alpha=0.87) and it had an acceptable consistency during the time (r=0.73). In next step, type of depression symptoms in students was analyzed in relation to sexuality and education. Then, we compared the rate of depression using independent t-test in male and female students and also in graduate and undergraduate students.
We examined the reliability (internal consistency, test-retest) and validity (concurrent, factor analysis) of BDI-II. A sample of 2260 undergraduate and graduate students (66.8% female, 33.2% male) at the University of Shiraz completed BDI-II. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric characteristics of BDI-II and to detect its relation with sexuality and level of education and comparison of severity and type of symptoms in a large Iranian student sample.
Beck depression inventory how to#
Although this scale represents a sound path for detecting depression in patients with medical conditions, the clinician should seek evidence for how to interpret the score before using the Beck Depression Inventory-II to make clinical decisions.The Beck Depression Inventory is probably the most widely used self-report questionnaire for measurement of depression in university students. The inventory is composed of items relating to depressive symptoms such as hopelessness and irritability, cognitions such as guilt or feelings of being punished. The Beck Depression Inventory-II can be easily adapted in most clinical conditions for detecting major depression and recommending an appropriate intervention. And then pick out the one statement in each group that best describes the way you have been feeling during the past two weeks, including today. Please read each group of statements carefully.
The somatic and cognitive-affective dimension described the latent structure of the instrument. Instructions: This questionnaire consists of 21 groups of statements. Its threshold for detecting depression varied according to the type of patients, suggesting the need for adjusted cut-off points. The Beck Depression Inventory-II showed high reliability and good correlation with measures of depression and anxiety. Validation studies of the Beck Depression Inventory-II, in both primary care and hospital settings, were found for clinics of cardiology, neurology, obstetrics, brain injury, nephrology, chronic pain, chronic fatigue, oncology, and infectious disease. Considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria seventy articles were retained. We examined relevant investigations with the Beck Depression Inventory-II for measuring depression in medical settings to provide guidelines for practicing clinicians. To perform a systematic review of the utility of the Beck Depression Inventory for detecting depression in medical settings, this article focuses on the revised version of the scale (Beck Depression Inventory-II), which was reformulated according to the DSM-IV criteria for major depression.
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